Mines Rules 1955 → OSH&WC (Central) Rules 2026
Where each of the 94 provisions of The Mines Rules, 1955 goes in Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code (Central) Rules, 2026, and what changed in its words.
The OSH&WC (Central) Rules, 2026 (G.S.R. 345(E), 8 May 2026) replaced the Mines Rules, 1955. They are written for every kind of establishment, so many mine rules were rewritten or folded into general rules rather than carried over. This table was produced by machine comparison of the two texts as extracted from their PDFs and is a starting point, not legal advice. Check both texts before relying on a match; "probable" marks a weaker match, and "likely now in" is a suggestion.
Other concordances: CMR 2017 → Draft OSH&WC (Coal Mines) Regulations 2026 · Mines Act 1952 → OSH&WC Code 2020 · Mines Vocational Training Rules 1966 → OSH&WC (Central) Rules 2026 · CEA Safety Regulations 2010 → CEA Safety Regulations 2023
- Same text:
- Carried over word for word (or nearly).
- Minor changes:
- Most of the wording kept; some words changed.
- Expanded:
- The old wording kept, with new text added.
- Revised:
- Substantially rewritten.
- Merged:
- Folded into a broader OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 rule.
- Not carried over:
- No counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 1Short title and applicationsRevisedOSH&WC Central Rules 2026 · Rul 1 · probableShort title and commencement
What changed · 24% of the old wording kept
(2)
Except as otherwise expressly provided,They extend totheruleswhole of India. (3) Theyshallapply to every minecome into force on the dateofwhatever description to whichtheir publication intheAct applies.Official Gazette. - Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 2Rule 2Not carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 3Term of officeNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 4Secretary of the Commi tteeNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 5RemunerationNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 7ResignationNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 8Absence from IndiaNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 9Notification of VacanciesNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 10Disposal of businessNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 11Time and place of meetingsNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 12Notice of meetingsNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 13Presiding at meetingNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 14QuorumNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 15Decision by majorityNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 16Rule 16Not carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 17Rule 17Not carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 18Rule 18Not carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 19Appearance at hearingsNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 20Rule 20Not carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 21Court of inquiry to be publicNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 22Recovery of expensesNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 23Powers of Certifying SurgeonNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 24Duties of Certifying SurgeonNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 28Fresh examinationNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 29BInitial and periodical medical examinationsRevisedOSH&WC Central Rules 2026 · Rul 109Initial and periodical medical examinations in mines
What changed · 15% of the old wording kept
1. Omitted by GSR 316 dated 26.4.1986 2. Omitted by GSR 1886 dated 26.12.1965 3. Inserted by GSR 557(E) dated 16.11.1978 (a)(i) for the initial medical examination of every person employed in the mine, within a period of five years of the date so notified and the said examination shall be so arranged over a period of five years that one fifth of the persons employed at the mine undergo the examination every year; Provided that in the case of a mine where a system of carrying out of such medical examination (of a comparable standard as determined by the Chief Inspector) is already in existence before the date aforesaid, a person who has undergone a medical examination under such a system on a date not earlier than five years before the date aforesaid, shall be deemed to have undergone an initial medical examination under this sub clause and the last date of his medical examination under the said system shall be taken to be the date of his initial medical examination under these rules; (ii) for the(i)initial medical examination of every person seeking employment in amine, unless such person has already undergone within the preceding five years, a medical examination under these rules while in employment at anothermine;and (b) for the(ii)periodical medical examinationthereafterofeveryperson employed in a mine annually; (iii)themine at intervals of not more than five years. 1[Provided that for the persons who are engaged in the process of mining or milling of asbestos ,periodicmedical examination shall bedone at least once in every twelve months and every such examination shall include all the tests in Form “P” of the First Schedule except the X- Ray examination, which shall be carried out once in every three years. Provided further that the periodicconducted as per FORM-IX. (2) The periodicalmedical examination or theXX-Ray examination orboth ,both,shall be conducted atmorefrequentintervalsintervals,if the medicalexamining authority deems it necessary to confirm a suspected case of a dust relateddis ease.] 1. Inserted by GSR 707(E) dated 21.7.1989disease. - Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 29CExamining authoritiesRevisedOSH&WC Central Rules 2026 · Rul 110 · probableExamining authorities
What changed · 8% of the old wording kept
Examining authorities -(2)Themedical examination aforesaidexamining authorityshall becarried outtrained in occupational health course including the International Labour Organisation, Classification of Chest Radiograph duly recognisedbya Medical Officer appointed forthemine or a Medical Officer in the employment of the owner of the mine, if any, or by any medical officer employed in the Coal Mines Welfare Fund Organisation or any other mines Welfare organisation, failing which by any State orCentralGovernment medical officer not below the rank of an Assistant Civil Surgeon.Government. - Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 29DNotice of medic al examinationRevisedOSH&WC Central Rules 2026 · Rul 111Notice of medical examination
What changed · 67% of the old wording kept
(2) In respect of periodical medical examination the manager shall give at least twenty days prior notice in writing to the person to be examined, in Form to be sepcified by the Chief Inspector-cum- Facilitator. (3)A copy of every such notice issued shall be sent by the
manageremployerto the examining authorityand in the case of periodical medical examination of a person, the copies of thealong withprevious medicalcertificate issued in Form O,certificates issued,pertaining to the personsconcerned shall also be sent to the examining authority by the manager. (3)concerned. (4)A person, who for any reasonable cause, fails tosubmit himselfappearforathemedical examinationorin accordance with the notice issued tohim under sub-rule(i),such person,shall be given a second notice of a minimum period of ten days in FormN,to be specified by the Chief Inspector-cum-Facilitator,by the manager and a copy of every such notice shall be sent by the manager to the examining authority.(4)(5)The examining authority shall inform the manager whether the person concerned hassubmitted himselfappearedfor medical examination ornot.not within one week from the date fixed for medical examination in the second notice. - Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 29EFailure to undergo medical examinationRevisedOSH&WC Central Rules 2026 · Rul 112Failure to undergo medical examination
What changed · 10% of the old wording kept
Provided that a person who tenders himself so liable to be discharged for failure to submit himself for medical examination shall be required to show cause why he could not comply with the notice within the time specified therein.(2)Ifhisexplanation is found satisfactory by themanagement; hemanagement, such personshall be given another chance to appear for medicalexamination.In case hisexamination. (3) Where theexplanation is not found satisfactoryby the management, histheirservice shall be terminated by themanagement : Provided further that in case of any dispute, the same shall be referred to the Chief Inspector for his decision within 60 days of the order communicated by the owner, agent or manager of the mine to the said person. 29 E . Failure to undergo medical examination .- A person who without reasonable cause ,fails to submit himself for medical examination in accordance with a notice issued to him under sub-rule (3) of rule 29D, shall be liable to be discharged from service; Provided that a person who renders himself so liable to be discharged for failure to submit himself for medical examination shall be required to show cause why he could not comply with the notice within the time specified therein. If his explanation is found satisfactory by the management ;he shall be given another chance to appear for medical examination . In case his explanation is not found satisfactory by the management, his service shall be terminated by the management; Provided further that in case of any dispute, the same shall be referred to the Chief Inspector for his decision within 60 days of the order communicated by the owner ,agent or manager of the mine to the said person.management. - Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 29FRule 29FRevisedOSH&WC Central Rules 2026 · Rul 113Standard and report of medical examination
What changed · 65% of the old wording kept
(2)
As soon as may be, after examination, aAfter examinations,copy of the medical certificate inForm O,FORM –IX,shall be issued by the examining authority to the person concerned electronically orbyRegisteredspeedpostor delivered under receiptandanothercopy besent to themanageremployerof the mine concernedby Registered post or delivered under receipt.electronically.(3) The examining authority shall retain the third copy of the medical certificate. (4) In the case of periodical medicalexamination of person,examination,the examining authority shallalsosend the copy of previous medical certificates of the personconcerned received in pursuance of sub-rule(1) of rule 29D,concerned, backto the manager of the mine concerned. - Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 29GRetention and transfer of medical certificatesMinor changesOSH&WC Central Rules 2026 · Rul 114Retention and transfer of medical certificates
What changed · 92% of the old wording kept
Provided that the manager of a mine where such person … other mine where the person is to be employed, send
to himall medical certificates with respect to such person. (2) If … or to be employed in any mine is relieved ofhistheirduties regarding medical examination,the medical practitionersuch examining authorityshall transfer all records of medical examination inhistheirpossession to the manager of the mine concerned. - Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 29HIdentity of candidatesRevisedOSH&WC Central Rules 2026 · Rul 115Identity of candidates
What changed · 30% of the old wording kept
(2)Identity of candidates.-The examining authority, shallalsorecord theleft hand thumb impression or theAadhaar number, after obtaining consent andsignature of every candidate appearing before it for medical examination on the copies of the medicalcertificate in Form O. 1. Inserted by GSR 707(E) dated 21.7.89 2. Inserted by ibid 29 I. Medical Examination of women - No women shall, without her consent, be medically examined by a male medical practitioner except in the presence of another women.certificate. - Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 29JAppeal for re-examinationRevisedOSH&WC Central Rules 2026 · Rul 117Appeal for re-examination
What changed · 41% of the old wording kept
29K. (2)(a) The(2) (i) the employer in case of initial medical examination andmanager of the mine in case of periodical medical examinationshallarrangeforward the appealtohavetheappellant medically re -examined byconvener oftheAppellate Medical Boardappellate medical boardwithinthirtyfifteendays of the receipt of theAppeal, andappeal; (ii) the convener of the appellate medical boardshall give at least fifteen days prior noticeto theAppellant fifteen days’ prior notice ofowner, agent or manager and alsothemedical re-examination by the Appellate Medical Board in Form Q. (b) Aappellant, for re-examination; (iii) aperson, who for any reasonable cause, fails tosubmit himselfappearfor a medical re-examinationin accordance with the notice given to him under clause (a),shall be given another notice at least seven daysinForm R in similar manner. (c) A person who has, without reasonable cause, fails to submit himself for a medical re -examination in accordance with a notice given to him under clause (b) shall cease to be in employment at the mine or in a particular category of mines or in any specified operations in mine, as the case may be, after the expiry of thirty days from the last date notified for his medical re-examination.advance;(3) In respect of every medical re-examination by theAppellate Medical Board,appellate medical board,the appellant shall pay such fees and the medical examination shall be conducted in such manner as may be determined by theAppellate Medical Board.appellate medical board. (4)In case theAppellate Medical Boardappellate medical boardfindshimsuch personfit for employment in mines, the fees shall be reimbursed in full to the appellant by theowneremployerof the mine wherehesuch personis employed. - Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 29KConstitution of Appellate Medical BoardRevisedOSH&WC Central Rules 2026 · Rul 118 · probableConstitution of appellate medical board
What changed · 12% of the old wording kept
(a) One duly(i) an Inspector-cum-Facilitator who shall act as the convener of the board for coordination purpose; (ii) twoqualifiedMedical Officermedical practitioners in allopathic system of medicine andin the employment of theDirectorate General of Mines Safety who shall also actState or Central Governmentasthe Convenor of the Board. (b) One Medical Officer duly qualified in allopathic system of medicine to benominated by the ChiefInspector in consultant withInspector-cum-Facilitator: Provided that,theWelfare Organisation set up byconvener can co-opt any specialist medical practitioner iftheCentral Governmentappellate medical board is of the opinion that such specialist is required to be consultedforthe persons employed in the mine. (c) One Medical Officer duly qualified in allopathic system of medicine employed in the State or Central Government or a Government undertaking and not below the rank of Assistant Civil Surgeon. Provided that if a Medical Officer under clause (b) or clause (c) is not available, the Appellate Medical Board shall be constituted with two persons only.specific issues. - Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 29LStandard and report of medical re-examination by the Appellate Medical BoardRevisedOSH&WC Central Rules 2026 · Rul 119 · probableStandard and report of medical re-examination by the appellate medical board
What changed · 19% of the old wording kept
Standard and report(2) The certificateof medical re-examinationbyintheAppellate Medical Board - The Appellate Medical BoardFORM –X,shallmedically examine the appellant in accordance with the standard laid down in Form P for initial medical examination of workers already in employment as well as periodical medical examination and in accordance with the standard laid down Form P-I for initial medical examination of the persons to employed and shall issuebe issuedto the manager of the mineconcernedand to theappellant aappellant. (3) A copy of themedical certificatein Form S.shall be retained with the convenor. - Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 29MUnfit persons not to be employedRevisedOSH&WC Central Rules 2026 · Rul 120Unfit persons not to be employed
What changed · 45% of the old wording kept
(2) Where the person concerned has filed an appeal under sub-rule (1) of rule 29J, but has been declared by the Appellate Medical Board, after a medical re-examination, to be unfit for employment in mines or in a particular category of mines or on any specified operations in mines, he shall not be employed or continue to be employed in mine or in the category of mines or on the operations specified, after the expiry of thirty days from the date of his medical re-examination by the Appellate Medical Board:Provided that, if theMedical Officerqualified medical practitionercarrying out the initial medicalexamination under clause (a),examination,or the periodical medicalexaminationunder clause (b) of rule 29B,or theAppellate Medical Boardappellate medical boardcarrying out the medicalre-examinationre- examinationof persons already in employment is of the opinion that … not seriously affect or interfere with the normal discharge ofhistheirduties, it may recommendhistheircontinuation in employment in the mine for a period not exceeding sixmonthsmonths,during which such person may gethistheirdisability cured or controlled andsubmit himselfappearfor another medical examination after six monthsand be declared fit. - Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 29NCompensation for industrial diseaseNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 29OCost of medical examinationRevisedOSH&WC Central Rules 2026 · Rul 121Cost of medical examination
What changed · 55% of the old wording kept
Cost of medical
examination - Subject to the provisions of sub-rule(3) of rule 29J fullexamination.-Thecost ofeverymedical examination under these rules, shall be borne by theowneremployerof the mineconcerned.except in case the person is declared unfit for employment in mines after re- examination by appellate medical board. - Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 29PAnnual returnsNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 29RDuties of Workmen’s InspectorNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 29SAction on the report of Workmen’s InspectorNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 29VFunctions of Safety CommitteeRevisedOSH&WC Central Rules 2026 · Rul 17Functions of Safety Committee in case of Mines
What changed · 37% of the old wording kept
(2)(a) to discuss remedial measures against the unsafe conditions and practices in the mine as pointed out in the reports of representative brought to the notice of the Committee and make appropriate recommendations; (b)to consider, before commencement of operations inanyany,newdistrictareaof the mine or installations of oilmine or commissioning of new electrical or mechanical installation or introduction of new mining technique, the proposedSafetysafetyand healthmeasures including related codes of practice and to make appropriate recommendations; (3)measures; (c)to discuss the report of inquiry intoaccidentaccident, dangerous occurrences etc.,and make appropriate recommendations;(4)(d)to formulate and implement appropriate SafetycampaignCampaignsbased on analysis ofaccidents; (5) to meet at least once in 30 days to consider the matter placed before itaccidentsandany other matter that may be raised by the members and make such recommendations as it may deem fit; and (6)dangerous occurrences; (e)to serve as a forum for communication on Safety and occupational healthmatters. 29W Implementation of recommendations ofmatters; and (f) to discuss the standard operating procedures (SOP) prepared for different plant, equipment, installations and methods at the mine and make appropriate recommendations. (g) to reviewthe SafetyCommittee - The owner, agent or manager shall, within a period of 15 days from the date of receipt of the recommendations of the Safety Committee, shall indicate to the Secretary to the Safety Committee, the action taken to implement the recommendations.] CHAPTER -V HEALTH AND SANITATION PROVISIONSManagement Plan. - Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 30Quantity of drinking waterNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 31Storage of drinking waterNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 32Decision of Chief Inspector finalNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 33Surface latrines and urinalsNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 34Standards of constructionsNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 35Sign-boards to be displayedNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 36Provision of water for washing etcNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 37Underground latrinesNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 38Rule 38Not carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 39Rule 39Not carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 40Arrangements for training persons in first-aid etcNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 42First aid personnelNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 43Rule 43Not carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 44First aid stationsNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 46Persons holding positions of supervision or management etcRevisedOSH&WC Central Rules 2026 · Rul 122 · probableExemptions from hours and limitation of employment
What changed · 31% of the old wording kept
(b)(ii) manager, deputy manager, installation manager, fire officer, assistant manager, ventilation officer, safety officer, information technology, instrumentation and communication officials; (iii)mining, electrical and mechanicalengineer ; 2[(c) overman, foreman, sirdarengineer; (iv) mining supervisor, assistant mining supervisorandmate ;] (d)supervisor in oil mines; (v)mechanical and electrical foreman and electricalsupervisor ; (e)and mechanical supervisor; (vi)surveyor and assistant surveyor;(f)(vii) qualifiedmedicalofficer,practitioner, dresser, compounder,chemist, assayer, metallurgist and welfare or personnelofficer 3[ * * * ] 4[(g)]officer; and (viii)any other personwho in the opinion of the Chief Inspector holds a position of supervisionspecified by Central Government through generalormanagement. 1. Inserted by GSR 1786 dated 30.9.1970 2. Substituted by GSR 1886 dated 25.12.1965 3. Omitted by GSR 312 dated 15.1.1957 4. Relettered, ibidspecial order issued from time to time. - Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 47Weekly day of restRevisedOSH&WC Central Rules 2026 · Rul 67 · probableWeekly holiday
What changed · 46% of the old wording kept
(2)
There shall be posted up in a conspicuous place out side the office of every mine a notice showing the weekly day or rest.Where the weeklyday of restholidayis not the same day for all persons employed in themine,establishment,the notice shall show theday of restholidayallowed to eachrelay,relayor set of persons orindividual.individual in Hindi or English and in local language. - Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 48Notice regarding hours of workNot carried overLikely now in Section 31 (Notice of periods of work) of The Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 49Compensatory days of restRevisedOSH&WC Central Rules 2026 · Rul 68 · probableCompensatory holidays
What changed · 18% of the old wording kept
(2)
OnThe employer of the establishment shall display onor before thelast dayendofevery month, therethe month in which holidays are lost, a notice in respect of workers allowed compensatory holidays during the following month and of the dates thereof, at the place at which the notice of periods of works is displayed. (3) Any subsequent change in the notice in respect of any compensatory holidayshall bedisplayed on a notice board outside the officemade not less than three days in advanceof theminedate of that holiday. (4) Any compensatory holiday to whichalist of all persons who have not been allowed compensatory days of rest during that month, and the dates on which compensatory days of rest willworker is entitled shallbeallowedgivento themin the following two months. (3) In the event of a person beingbeforedischarged ordismissed, such number of compensatory days as are due to himdismissed andshall not be reckoned as part of any period of noticeto which he is entitled under any rule, award, agreement or contract of service, and he shall be allowed all such compensatory days of rest before the date of his discharge or dismissal. (4) There shall be maintained at every mine a register of compensatory days of rest in Form F.required. - Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 50Exemption from hours and limitation of employmentNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 51Termination of employmentNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 52Employment of apprentices and traineesNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 53Register of leave with wagesRevisedOSH&WC Central Rules 2026 · Rul 76Register of leave with wages
What changed · 23% of the old wording kept
1. Substituted by GSR 1886 dated 25.12.1965 2. Substituted by GSR 316 dated 26.4.1986 Provided that if the Chief Inspector or an Inspector is of opinion that any muster roll or register maintained in accordance with any other rules for the time being in force contains all the particulars required for the observance of the provisions contained in Chapter VII of the Act, he may, by order in writing, permit the maintenance of such muster roll or register in place of the registers in forms G and H ; Provided further that in the case of a mine exempted under section 56, the Chief Inspector or an Inspector may permit the maintenance or records of leave with wages in such manner as he may approve by order in writing.](2) The register mentioned insub- rulesub-rule(1) shall be preserved for a period oftwofiveyears after the last entry in them has been made … after the expiry of that period unless it has beencertified by an Inspector that the leave account therein has beenproperly transferred to the newregisters.register. CHAPTER-IX INSPECTOR-CUM-FACILITATOR AND OTHER AUTHORITY - Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 54Information regarding leave with wagesNot carried overLikely now in Section 32 (Annual leave with wages, etc.) of The Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 56Rule 56Not carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 59Overtime registerNot carried overLikely now in Section 27 (Extra wages for overtime) of The Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 60Extra Wages for overtimeRevisedOSH&WC Central Rules 2026 · Rul 69 · probableWages for overtime
What changed · 75% of the old wording kept
3[(3)]In(a) a worker works for more than eight hours in any day as daily wager or (b) a worker, other than daily wager, for more than forty-eight hours in any week Worker shall in respect of such overtime work be entitled to wages at the rate of twice the rate of their wages and shall be paid at the end of each wage period. (2) In calculating overtime on any day, a fraction of an hour between 15 to 30 minutes shall be counted as thirty minutes and in case of more than thirty minutes it shall be rounded and shall be counted as an hour on actual basis. (3) Incalculating theordinary rate ofwages or earnings in the case of apersonworkerpaid by the month, the daily wages shall be 1/26th ofhistheirmonthlyrate of wages;wagesand in the case of any otherpersonworkerit shall be theordinary rate of hisdaily wages or earnings as the case may be. (4) The hours of work mentioned in Rule 64 may exceed under the followings works and circumstances in respect of dock, mine and building or other construction work, namely:- (a) urgent repairs; (b) work in the nature of preparatory or complimentary work; (c) work which is necessarily so intermittent that the intervals during which they do not work while on duty ordinarily amount to more than the intervals for rest; (d) work which for technical reasons must be carried on continuously; (e) engaged in making or supplying articles of prime necessity which must be made or supplied every day; (f) engaged in a process which cannot be carried on except during fixed seasons; (g) engaged in a process which cannot be carried on except at times dependent on the irregular action of natural forces; (h) engaged in an engine-rooms or boiler-houses or in attending to power-plant or transmission machinery; (i) engaged in process on account of the break-down of machinery; (j) engaged in the loading or unloading of railway wagons or lorries or trucks or ships; (k) exceptional press of work; and (l) engaged in any work, which is notified by the Central Government in the Official Gazette as a work of national importance: Provided that no worker shall be allowed to work overtime exceeding one hundred forty-four hours in any quarter of a year: Provided further that for overtime, a worker shall be paid wages as per section 27 of the Code at the end of each wage period. - Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 61Cases of exemption under section 56Not carried overLikely now in Section 71 (Exemption to certain persons) of The Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 62Provision of sheltersNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 63Standards of SheltersNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 64Provision of CanteensNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 65Standards of canteenNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 66Rule 66Not carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 67CleanlinessRevisedOSH&WC Central Rules 2026 · Rul 26 · probableCleanliness and hygiene
What changed · 29% of the old wording kept
(2) An adequate supply(i) all workplaces, workrooms, passageways, staircases, storerooms and service rooms are kept in sanitary and hygienic condition; (ii) surfacesofhot water shall be provided for cleansing utensilswallsandequipment;ceilings, including windowsandall furniture, utensils and other equipment shall beskylights, are alwayskept clean and maintainedin a hygieniccondition.condition; (iii) the floor of every workroom is maintained in a clean and so far as possible, dry and non-slippery condition; (iv) where wet work processes are carried out— (a) effective drainage is maintained; (b) false floors, platforms, mats or other dry standing places are provided; and (c) anti-skid footwear and other suitable safety and protective gears for use while at work in such place are provided without expense to the employees; (v) workplaces are cleaned as often as required by the nature of the work carried on; (vi) as far as practicable, sweeping and cleaning are done— (a) during intervals between work; and (b) in such a manner as to prevent the raising of dust; (vii) where, for technical reasons, cleaning must be carried out during working hours, appropriate means are used and precautions are taken to avoid contamination of the air with dust or other obnoxious substances; (viii) suitable arrangements for daily collection, storage, disposal or treatment of every type of waste are made under the effective supervision. - Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 68Rule 68Not carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 69Canteen Managing CommitteeNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 70Prices to be ChargedNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 71AccountsNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 72Welfare OfficerRevisedOSH&WC Central Rules 2026 · Rul 57 · probableWelfare Officer
What changed · 18% of the old wording kept
(2) No person(i) welfare officers are appointed as prescribed below- (a) the employer of every establishment mentioned above ordinarily employing between two hundred and fifty and upto five hundred workers appoints at least one welfare officer, and where the number of workers exceeds five hundred, an additional welfare officer for every additional five hundred workers or fraction thereof over five hundred is appointed; (b) in every establishment mentioned above where both male and female workers are employed, the number of women welfare officers to be appointedshallactbe in proportion to the women workers employed and where the number of women employed is more than one hundred and the total number of women workers does not exceed one thousand, an additional woman welfare officer is appointed; (c) where there is more than one welfare officer appointed, one of them is designatedasathe ChiefWelfare Officerofand the others as welfare officers; (ii) person appointed as Welfare Officer has obtainedamine unless he possesses - (a) a university degree ; (b) apost graduatedegree or diploma in socialscience, 4[or social work]work or human resources managementor labour welfare from any institutionrecognised by the Central or StateGovernmentfor the purpose ofinthisrule,behalf;andpreferably practical experience of handling labour problems in any industrial undertaking for atleast three years; and (c) ahasknowledge of the languageof the district in which the mine is situated or the language understoodspokenby the majority ofpersons employedthe workersin every establishment mentioned above. (iii)themine; Provided that in caseappointment is intimated by the employer electronically or otherwise to Inspector-cum- Facilitator, giving the detailsofa person already in service asqualifications, etc. of the officer appointed and the conditions of their service. (iv) (a)a Welfare Officerin a mine, the above qualifications may, with the approvalis given appropriate status corresponding to thatof theChief Inspector, be relaxed. 5[2A) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-rule (2),other executives of every establishment mentioned above and appointed on an executive or officer pay scale; (b)theLabour Officers included in the Central Pool under the provisions of the Labour Officers (Central Pool) Recruitment andconditions ofService Rules, 1951, shall be eligible for appointment asservice ofa Welfare Officer are the same as that of other members of the executives or officer of corresponding statusina mine.] 1. Inserted, ibid. 2. Substituted by GSR 607 dated 16.5.1959 3. Substituted by GSR 1886 dated 25.12.1965 4. Inserted, ibid. 5. Inserted by GSR 966 dated 17.5.1968 (3) Where by reasonevery establishment mentioned above : Provided that, in the caseoftemporary absence, illnessdischargeorany other similar cause,dismissal,the Welfare Officeris unable to perform his duties, the owner, agent or manager shall authorise in writing person whom he considers competent, to act in his place ; Provided that no such authority shallwillhaveeffect foraperiod in excessrightof30 days except with the previous consent of the Chief Inspector. 1[(4) A written notice of every appointment, authorisation, discharge, dismissal, resignation or termination of service of every Welfare Officer and of the date thereof shall be sent by the owner, agent or managerappealto the ChiefInspector within seven days fromInspector-cum-Facilitator, whose decision thereon is final and binding uponthedateemployer. (v) Dutiesofsuch appointment, authorisation. discharge, dismissal, resignation or terminationa Welfare Officer: (a) to establish contacts and hold consultations with a view to maintaining harmonious relations between the management and workers; (b) to bring to the noticeofservice.] 2[(5) The postthe management the grievancesofWelfare Officer shall be advertisedworkers with a view to securing expeditious redressal and to act as a liaison officer between the management and workers; (c) to study and understand the point of view of workers in order to help the management to shape and formulate labour policies and to interpret these policies to the workersin aNewspaper havinglanguage they can understand; (d) to advise on compliances, obligations, statutory or otherwise, concerning regulation of working hours, maternity benefit, medical care, compensation for injuries and sickness and other welfare measures and social Security benefits; (e) to advise on provision of welfare facilities, such as housing facilities, foodstuffs, social and recreational facilities, sanitation, individual personnel problems and education of children; and (f) to advise the management on training of new recruits, apprentices, workers on transfer and promotion, instructors and supervisors, supervision and control of notice board and information bulletins to further education of workers and to encourage their attendance at technical institutes; (vi) welfare officers shall not deal with disciplinary cases or appear on behalf of the management against workers or appear beforeawide circulation in the State.]conciliation officer or tribunal on behalf of every establishment mentioned above management. - Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 73Duties of Welfare OfficerNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 74Conditions of serviceNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 75Maintenance and production of reports, Registers and other recordsRevisedOSH&WC Central Rules 2026 · Rul 72Maintenance and production of reports, registers and other records
What changed · 61% of the old wording kept
(a)(ii) attendance register-cum-muster roll in FORM XIV; (iii) register for wages, over time and deduction in FORM XV; (iv) registers under this rule shall be maintained electronically or otherwise; (v) entries in the registers shall be made in English or Hindi and in local language; (vi) every employer shall produce records and registers, on demand before the Inspector-cum- Facilitator or any person authorised by the Central Government; (vii) all the registers and other records shall be preserved in original for a period of five calendar years from the date of last entry made therein. (2) Every employer shall issue wage slips, electronically to the employees in FORM XVI on or before the day of payment of wages to the employee. (3) In respect of establishment which are required to maintain register under the rules framed under the Code on Wages 2019, the above registers and wage slips required to be maintained by the employer of the establishment under Code on Wages, 2019 and rules made thereunder shall be deemed to be maintained by the employer under these rules. (4) All registers and other records required to be maintained under the Code shall be maintained complete and up-to-date and unless otherwise provided for, shallbe kept at an office or the nearest convenient building within the precincts of themine ; (b)work place or at a place within a radius of three kilometers. (5) The employer to which the provisions of this Code applies, on or before the 28th or 29th day of February following the end of each Calendar year, upload a return in FORM-XVII and XVIII on the designated portal and provided that during inspection, the Inspector-cum-Facilitator may require the production of accounts, books, register and other documents maintained in electronic form. Explanation – For the purposes of this sub-rule, the expression “electronic form” shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in clause (r) of section 2 of the Information Technology Act, 2000 (21 of 2000). (6) Where the employer to which the provisions of this Code applies sells, abandons or discontinues the working of the establishment, then such employer shall, within one month of the date of such sale or abandonment or four months of the date of such discontinuance as the case may be, upload online, on the designated portal , a further return in FORM-XVII and XVIII referred to in sub-rule (5) in respect of the period between the end of the preceding year and the date of the sale, abandonment or discontinuance. (7) In case of manual registers and other records, (i)be legibly entered in ink in English, orHindior either theand in locallanguageunderstoodand signedbya majority of the persons employed in the mine; (c)employer; (ii)be preserved in original for a period ofone calendar yearfive yearsafter the date of the last report orentry ;entry:Provided that when the original record is lost or destroyed before the expiry ofone year period ,five years period,true copies thereof, ifavailable ,shallavailable, shallbe preserved forthe prescribeda specifiedperiod;(d)(iii)beproducedproduced, electronically or by speed post,on demand before the ChiefInspectorInspector-cum- FacilitatororInspectoran Inspector-cum-Facilitatoror any person authorised in that behalf of the Central Government.1. Substituted by GSR 607 dated 16.4.1959 2. Inserted, ibid 3. Substituted by GSR 1786 dated 17.10.1970(8) Every establishment to which Chapter III (Employees’ Provident Fund ) and Chapter IV (Employees’ State Insurance Corporation) of the Code on Social Security, 2020 applies shall submit a self-declaration in PART-IV of FORM- XVII electronically. - Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 76Registers of reportable and minor accidentsNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 77Register of employeesNot carried overLikely now in Section 106 (Offences by employees) of The Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 78Register of daily attendanceNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 79Posting of abstracts, bye -laws and noticesNot carried overLikely now in Section 139 (Bye-laws) of The Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 80Observance of local timeNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 81Intoxicating drugs and drinksNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 82Occupational diseasesNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 82ADisability allowance and compensation for occupational diseasesNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 83Mode of payment of fees etcNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
- Mines Rules 1955 · Rul 84Rescission and SavingsNot carried overNo counterpart found in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 or the other OSH&WC instruments.
New in OSH&WC Central Rules 2026
Rules of OSH&WC Central Rules 2026 with no counterpart in Mines Rules 1955.
- Rul 2 Definitions
- Rul 3 Application for registration
- Rul 4 Notice of commencement and cessation of operation
- Rul 5 Annual health examination of employees
- Rul 6 Letter of appointment to employee
- Rul 7 Notice of accidents and dangerous occurrences
- Rul 8 Notice of disease
- Rul 9 Duties of employee
- Rul 10 Rights of employee
- Rul 11 Provisions relating to National Occupational Safety and Health Advisory Board
- Rul 12 Technical Committees or Advisory Committees
- Rul 13 Collection of statistics and portal for inter-State migrant workers
- Rul 14 Safety Committee
- Rul 15 Composition of Safety Committee
- Rul 16 Composition of Safety Committee in mines
- Rul 18 Safety officer for Dock Work and Building or Other Construction Work
- Rul 19 Duties of Safety Officers in case of dock work and building or other construction work
- Rul 20 Safety officer in case of mines
- Rul 21 Duties of Safety Officer in case of mines
- Rul 22 Cleanliness and hygiene
- Rul 23 Ventilation, temperature and humidity
- Rul 24 Precaution against dust, noxious gas, fumes and other impurities
- Rul 25 Artificial humidification
- Rul 27 Ventilation, temperature and humidity
- Rul 28 Precaution against dust, noxious gas, fumes and other impurities
- Rul 29 Artificial Humidification
- Rul 30 Cleanliness and hygiene
- Rul 31 Ventilation, temperature and humidity
- Rul 32 Precaution against dust, noxious gas, fumes and other impurities
- Rul 33 Cleanliness and hygiene
- Rul 34 Ventilation, temperature and humidity
- Rul 35 Precaution against dust
- Rul 36 Cleanliness and hygiene
- Rul 37 Ventilation, temperature and humidity
- Rul 38 Precaution against dust, noxious gas, fumes and other impurities
- Rul 39 Cleanliness and hygiene
- Rul 40 Ventilation, temperature and humidity
- Rul 41 Precaution against dust, noxious gas, fumes and other impurities
- Rul 42 Cleanliness and hygiene
- Rul 43 Precaution against dust, noxious gas, fumes and other impurities
- Rul 44 Potable water
- Rul 45 Overcrowding
- Rul 46 Lighting (Illumination)
- Rul 47 Latrine and urinal accommodation
- Rul 48 Treatment of waste and effluents
- Rul 49 Washing facility
- Rul 50 Provisions of bathing places and locker rooms
- Rul 51 Keeping of cloth not worn during working hour
- Rul 52 Sitting arrangement
- Rul 53 Provision of Canteen
- Rul 55 Ambulance Room
- Rul 56 Shelter and Rest Room
- Rul 58 Crèche Facility
- Rul 59 Mock Drills
- Rul 60 Medical Examination
- Rul 61 Residential facilities for workers including contract labours
- Rul 62 Living accommodation
- Rul 63 Medical facilities
- Rul 64 Working Hours
- Rul 65 Working hours of working journalist
- Rul 66 Holidays and leaves for sales promotion employees and working journalist
- Rul 70 Restriction on double employment in mines
- Rul 71 Notice of periods of work
- Rul 73 Display on notice board
- Rul 74 Annual Return
- Rul 75 Register of accident and dangerous occurrences
- Rul 77 Power to take samples of any articles or substances
- Rul 78 Powers and duties of Inspector-cum-Facilitator
- Rul 79 Powers and Duties of District Magistrate
- Rul 80 Qualifications and experiences, duties and responsibilities of experts
- Rul 81 Appointment of Medical officer
- Rul 82 Duties of medical officer
- Rul 83 Employment of Women in establishment
- Rul 84 Adequate safety of employment of women in dangerous operations
- Rul 85 Qualification and criteria of the contractor
- Rul 86 Conditions of License
- Rul 87 Form and manner of application for contractor license
- Rul 88 Single Licence for Contractor in more than one States or for whole of India
- Rul 89 Forms, terms and conditions of licence
- Rul 90 Procedure for issue of licence
- Rul 91 Renewal of licence of Contractor
- Rul 92 Refund of security deposit
- Rul 93 Responsibility of contractor
- Rul 94 Intimation of work order and time limit for intimation
- Rul 95 Revocation and suspension of license
- Rul 96 Amendemnt of Licence
- Rul 97 Appeal
- Rul 98 Responsibility of payment of wages
- Rul 99 Making payment of wages from the security deposit amount
- Rul 100 Experience Certificate
- Rul 101 Prohibition of employment of contract labour
- Rul 102 Journey allowance to inter-State migrant worker
- Rul 103 Setting up of a Toll Free helpline number to the inter-state migrant worker
- Rul 104 Study of inter-State migrant workers
- Rul 105 Agreement for audio-visual worker
- Rul 106 Procedure for reference of disputes to a Conciliation Officer or a Tribunal
- Rul 107 Qualification and appointment of manager in mines
- Rul 108 Code not to apply in certain mines
- Rul 116 Medical Examination of women
- Rul 123 Establishment and location of rescue station
- Rul 124 Functions of rescue station
- Rul 125 Establishment and location of rescue room
- Rul 126 Functions of rescue room
- Rul 127 Qualifications, experience etc. of superintendent
- Rul 128 Qualifications, experience etc. of instructor
- Rul 129 Selection of rescue trained persons for posting at rescue station
- Rul 130 Qualifications, experience etc. of rescue room in-charge
- Rul 131 Equipment
- Rul 132 Duties and responsibilities of Superintendent
- Rul 133 Duties of instructor
- Rul 134 Duties and responsibilities of rescue room in-charge
- Rul 135 Duties of rescue trained persons posted at rescue station
- Rul 136 Duties of rescue room attendant
- Rul 137 Telephone communication
- Rul 138 Rescue tracings
- Rul 139 (heading not extracted)
- Rul 140 Selection of persons for training in rescue work
- Rul 141 Instructions and practices etc
- Rul 142 Medical examination etc. of rescue trained person
- Rul 143 Suspension of rescue trained persons
- Rul 144 Duties of manager etc. in emergency
- Rul 145 Accommodation at the below ground mine for persons engaged in rescue work
- Rul 146 Entry into below ground mines for rescue or recovery work
- Rul 147 Fresh air bases
- Rul 148 Leader
- Rul 149 Instructions to leader
- Rul 150 Test of apparatus
- Rul 151 Duties of leader below ground
- Rul 152 Rescue team members and their duties
- Rul 153 Restriction of second spell of works
- Rul 154 Obligation of employer in certain situations
- Rul 155 General management
- Rul 156 Power to relax
- Rul 157 Training Scheme
- Rul 158 Scope and standard for vocational training
- Rul 159 Scope and standard for Refresher Training
- Rul 160 Arrangement for refresher training
- Rul 161 Special training
- Rul 162 Training of persons after long absence or after an accident or change of job
- Rul 163 Training Centre
- Rul 164 Arrangements for the training centre
- Rul 165 Training Officer
- Rul 166 Duties of Training Officer
- Rul 167 Instructors
- Rul 168 Trainers
- Rul 169 Qualification of instructors and trainers
- Rul 170 Duties of Instructor
- Rul 171 Duties of trainer and persons undergoing training
- Rul 172 Training allowance
- Rul 173 Certificate of training
- Rul 174 Certificate to be delivered to the management
- Rul 175 Inspection of vocational training centre
- Rul 176 Notice of closure or discontinuance of vocational training centre
- Rul 177 Manner of holding enquiry
- Rul 178 Onus as to age
- Rul 179 Procedure of inquiry and other related matters
- Rul 180 Persons to appear at inquiry
- Rul 181 Procedure of survey and other related matters
- Rul 182 Manner of compounding of offences by the authorised officer
- Rul 183 Social Security Fund
- Rul 184 Grievance redressal mechanism for contract labour
- Rul 185 Annual increment of regular worker of a contractor
- Rul 186 Income from sources and quantity of hazardous substance
Method: each provision is paired with the one in the new text whose heading and text are closest, one to one where possible, and never across different named officials; "probable" marks a weaker pair. Where there is none, the related OSH&WC instruments are searched. "What changed" compares the words of the two texts: struck-through words are in the old text only, highlighted words in the new one only; long unchanged stretches are shortened. Text extracted from scanned or bilingual PDFs can carry recognition errors.